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Borrelia IgG antibodies are antibodies produced by the immune system in response to exposure to Borrelia bacteria, which are associated with Lyme disease or borreliosis. IgG antibodies usually develop later than IgM antibodies and may remain detectable for an extended period. In this test, IgG can support interpretation of previous exposure or a later immune response, but results should be assessed together with symptoms, tick exposure history and other relevant clinical information.

Borrelia IgM antibodies are antibodies produced as part of an earlier immune response to Borrelia bacteria. IgM may be associated with more recent exposure, but antibody timing can vary, and early infection may not always produce detectable antibodies. Results should be interpreted together with clinical findings, timing of possible tick exposure and other relevant information.

Isosatratoxin F is a macrocyclic trichothecene, a type of mycotoxin that can be produced by certain moulds, especially Stachybotrys species. It is mainly linked to exposure from mould contaminated indoor environments, damp materials, contaminated feed, or surroundings where mould growth has occurred. Isosatratoxin F is especially discussed in relation to reduced immune function. In practical terms, this means it may be relevant when the body seems less able to maintain normal defence, recover well, or stay resilient during other stressors. Higher findings may therefore be seen together with low energy, weakness, reduced appetite, slower recovery, recurring irritation, digestive upset, breathing related irritation, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mould exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Satratoxin H is a macrocyclic trichothecene, a type of mycotoxin that can be produced by certain moulds, especially Stachybotrys species. It is mainly linked to exposure from mould contaminated indoor environments, damp materials, contaminated feed, or surroundings where mould growth has occurred. Satratoxin H is especially discussed in relation to reduced protein production in cells. Proteins are needed for normal tissue repair, gut barrier maintenance, immune function, muscle function, and recovery. Satratoxin H is also often discussed in relation to breathing related irritation when mould exposure is part of the picture. Higher findings may therefore be relevant when there are signs such as low energy, weakness, reduced appetite, slower recovery, digestive upset, breathing related irritation, coughing, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mould exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Satratoxin G is a macrocyclic trichothecene, a type of mycotoxin that can be produced by certain moulds, especially Stachybotrys species. It is mainly linked to exposure from mould contaminated indoor environments, damp materials, contaminated feed, or surroundings where mould growth has occurred. Satratoxin G is especially discussed in relation to broad cell stress, including how cells copy information and produce important proteins. This matters because these processes are needed for normal repair, energy, immune function, and tissue maintenance. Higher findings may therefore be relevant when there are signs such as low energy, weakness, reduced appetite, slower recovery, digestive upset, unusual bleeding tendency, nervous system related signs, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mould exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Verrucarin J is a macrocyclic trichothecene, a type of mycotoxin that can be produced by certain moulds, especially Stachybotrys species. It is mainly linked to exposure from mould contaminated indoor environments, damp materials, contaminated feed, or surroundings where mould growth has occurred. Verrucarin J is discussed in relation to reduced immune function and is best understood as part of the broader trichothecene pattern. Higher findings may suggest that exposure includes several immune related trichothecene markers, especially when Verrucarin A, roridins, or other trichothecenes are also present. This may be relevant when there are signs of reduced resilience, such as low energy, weakness, slower recovery, recurring irritation, digestive upset, breathing related irritation, or poor general condition. The result is best interpreted together with possible mould exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Verrucarin A is a macrocyclic trichothecene, a type of mycotoxin that can be produced by certain moulds, especially Stachybotrys species. It is mainly linked to exposure from mould contaminated indoor environments, damp materials, contaminated feed, or surroundings where mould growth has occurred. Verrucarin A is especially discussed in relation to reduced immune function. In practical terms, this means it may be relevant when the body seems less able to maintain normal defence, recover well, or stay resilient during other stressors. Higher findings may therefore be seen together with low energy, weakness, reduced appetite, slower recovery, recurring irritation, digestive upset, breathing related irritation, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mould exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Roridin L-2 is a macrocyclic trichothecene, a type of mycotoxin that can be produced by certain moulds, especially Stachybotrys species. It is mainly linked to exposure from mould contaminated indoor environments, damp materials, contaminated feed, or surroundings where mould growth has occurred. Roridin L-2 is often discussed in relation to reduced immune function. In practical terms, this means it may be relevant when the body seems less able to handle normal stress, recover well, or maintain resilience during other challenges. Higher findings may therefore be seen together with low energy, weakness, reduced appetite, slower recovery, recurring irritation, digestive upset, breathing related irritation, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mould exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Roridin H is a macrocyclic trichothecene, a type of mycotoxin that can be produced by certain moulds, especially Stachybotrys species. It is mainly linked to exposure from mould contaminated indoor environments, damp materials, contaminated feed, or surroundings where mould growth has occurred. Roridin H is especially discussed in relation to reduced protein production in cells. This matters because proteins are needed for normal tissue repair, immune function, gut barrier maintenance, muscle function, and recovery. Higher findings may therefore be relevant when there are signs such as low energy, weakness, reduced appetite, slower recovery, digestive upset, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mould exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Roridin E is a macrocyclic trichothecene, a type of mycotoxin that can be produced by certain moulds, especially Stachybotrys species. It is mainly linked to exposure from mould contaminated indoor environments, damp materials, contaminated feed, or surroundings where mould growth has occurred. Roridin E is especially relevant because trichothecenes of this type are discussed in relation to disrupted cell activity, including how cells produce and use important proteins. Higher findings may be relevant when there are signs such as low energy, reduced appetite, digestive upset, breathing related irritation, weakness, recurring discomfort, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mould exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Roridin A is a macrocyclic trichothecene, a type of mycotoxin that can be produced by certain moulds, especially Stachybotrys species. It is mainly linked to exposure from mould contaminated indoor environments, damp materials, or contaminated feed and surroundings. Roridin A is one of the more central roridin markers and can help show whether trichothecene type mycotoxins are part of the toxin profile. Trichothecenes are often discussed in relation to cell stress, immune related strain, and general wellbeing. Higher findings may be relevant when there are signs such as low energy, reduced appetite, digestive upset, breathing related irritation, weakness, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mould exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by certain Fusarium moulds. It is mainly linked to contaminated grains, cereals, corn, stored feed, or ingredients kept in conditions where mould growth can occur. Zearalenone is known for its hormone like activity, meaning it can mimic oestrogen like effects in the body. Higher findings may be relevant when there are signs such as changes in heat cycles, fertility related changes, enlarged mammary tissue, changes in behaviour, altered appetite or weight, low energy, digestive upset, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mouldy feed exposure, symptoms, reproductive history if relevant, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Gliotoxin Derivative refers to a marker related to gliotoxin, a mycotoxin that can be produced by certain moulds, especially Aspergillus species. A derivative means the test is measuring a gliotoxin related compound rather than only the toxin itself. It is mainly linked to exposure from mould contaminated environments, food, or feed. Gliotoxin is often discussed in relation to immune balance, respiratory irritation, and general wellbeing. Higher findings may be relevant when there are signs such as low energy, reduced appetite, breathing related irritation, reduced resilience, digestive upset, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mould exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced by certain moulds, especially Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It is mainly linked to exposure from contaminated food or feed, including grains, cereals, dried foods, stored feed, or ingredients that have been kept in damp or mould prone conditions. Ochratoxin A is often discussed in relation to the kidneys and the body’s ability to process and clear unwanted substances. Higher findings may be relevant when there are signs such as low energy, reduced appetite, increased thirst or urination, digestive upset, weight changes, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mouldy feed exposure, symptoms, hydration status, kidney related markers if available, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms are present.

Aflatoxin G2 is a mycotoxin produced by certain moulds, especially Aspergillus species. It can be linked to contaminated food or feed, such as grains, nuts, seeds, or stored feed where mould has grown. Aflatoxin G2 is usually assessed as a supporting marker within the aflatoxin family. Its main value is that it can help show whether the aflatoxin pattern is broader, especially when other aflatoxin markers are also present. Higher findings may therefore be most relevant when there has been possible exposure to mouldy feed or when several aflatoxin markers appear together. The result is best understood together with symptoms such as reduced appetite, low energy, vomiting, diarrhoea, weight changes, or poor general condition, as well as the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms or possible mould exposure are present.

Aflatoxin G1 is a mycotoxin produced by certain moulds, especially Aspergillus species. It can be linked to contaminated food or feed, such as grains, nuts, seeds, or stored feed where mould has grown. Aflatoxin G1 is one of the main G type aflatoxins and can help show whether the aflatoxin pattern includes more than the commonly discussed B type markers. Higher findings may suggest broader exposure to mould contaminated ingredients, especially when several aflatoxin markers are present. Aflatoxins are mainly processed through the liver, so relevant findings may be seen together with reduced appetite, low energy, vomiting, diarrhoea, weight changes, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mouldy feed exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms are present.

Aflatoxin B2 is a mycotoxin produced by certain moulds, especially Aspergillus species. It is usually linked to contaminated food or feed, such as grains, nuts, seeds, or stored feed where mould has grown. Aflatoxin B2 is often assessed together with other aflatoxins because it can help show whether there has been broader exposure to mould contaminated ingredients. Higher findings may be relevant when there are signs such as reduced appetite, low energy, vomiting, diarrhoea, weight changes, or poor general condition. The result is best understood together with possible mouldy feed exposure, symptoms, and the wider mycotoxin profile. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms are present.

Aflatoxin B1 is a mycotoxin, a toxin produced by certain moulds, especially Aspergillus species. It is mainly linked to exposure from contaminated food or feed, particularly ingredients such as grains, nuts, seeds, or stored feed where mould growth has occurred. After exposure, Aflatoxin B1 is processed mainly through the liver, which is why higher findings may be relevant when there are signs such as reduced appetite, low energy, weight changes, digestive upset, vomiting, diarrhoea, or poor general condition. A positive or elevated finding can help show whether aflatoxin exposure may be part of the overall toxin profile. It is best interpreted together with symptoms, possible mouldy feed exposure, and other test results. A finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if symptoms are present.

Weissella cibaria is a lactic acid producing bacterium that can be found in the gut, mouth, and fermented foods. It is less commonly discussed than Lactobacillus, but it can still give useful information about fermentation in the gut. Its presence may reflect activity in the gut, exposure from fermented foods, or bacteria from the mouth. Lower levels may simply mean that this type of lactic acid producing bacteria is less prominent in the gut profile. If this is part of a broader reduction in supportive bacteria, it may be seen together with sensitive digestion, irregular stools, bloating, gas, or changes in stool quality. Higher levels may reflect increased fermentation activity or recent exposure from the diet, which may be seen together with gas, bloating, softer stools, or temporary digestive changes.

Lactobacillus reuteri is a lactic acid producing bacterium that can live in the gut and on mucosal surfaces. It is especially known for producing substances that can influence which bacteria are able to grow in the local gut environment. This makes it relevant for microbial balance near the intestinal lining. Lower levels may suggest reduced support from bacteria that help keep the local gut environment stable, which may be seen together with sensitive digestion, recurring stool changes, mucus in stool, gas, bloating, or loose stools. Higher levels may reflect increased lactic acid fermentation, which may be seen together with gas, bloating, softer stools, or temporary digestive changes.

Lactobacillus plantarum is a lactic acid producing bacterium that can be found in the gut and is also common in fermented foods and plant based environments. It is especially linked to the fermentation of plant fibres and food components from the diet. Lower levels may suggest reduced activity from bacteria involved in plant and fibre fermentation, which may be seen together with bloating, gas, irregular stools, harder stools, or less stable stool patterns. Higher levels may reflect increased fermentation activity, especially after exposure from fermented foods, supplements, or a diet rich in plant based fibres. This may be seen together with gas, bloating, softer stools, or temporary digestive changes.

Lactobacillus johnsonii is a lactic acid producing gut bacterium from a group often linked to supportive gut functions. It is especially associated with the intestinal lining and the balance between helpful bacteria and bacteria that may grow more easily when the gut environment is disturbed. Lactobacillus johnsonii may help support a gut environment where the bacterial community remains more stable. Lower levels may suggest reduced support from lactic acid producing bacteria near the gut lining, which may be seen together with sensitive digestion, altered stool quality, gas, bloating, mucus in stool, or loose stools. Higher levels may reflect increased lactic acid fermentation, which may be seen together with gas, bloating, softer stools, or temporary digestive changes.

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a lactic acid producing gut bacterium from a group often linked to supportive gut functions. It is especially known for helping maintain an acidic gut environment, which can make it harder for less desirable bacteria to become too dominant. Lactobacillus acidophilus is often associated with gut comfort, regular stool patterns, and balance between different bacteria in the intestinal environment. Lower levels may suggest reduced lactic acid producing activity, which may be seen together with sensitive digestion, gas, bloating, loose stools, or irregular stool patterns. Higher levels may reflect increased lactic acid fermentation, which may be seen together with gas, bloating, softer stools, or temporary changes in digestion.

Bifidobacterium pseudolongum is a gut bacterium from a group often linked to beneficial gut functions. It can help show whether the Bifidobacterium pattern is broad and varied, rather than mainly depending on only one or two better known species. This matters because a more limited Bifidobacterium pattern may be seen together with sensitive digestion, irregular stools, bloating, gas, constipation tendency, loose stools, or mucus in stool. Lower levels may suggest reduced support from this part of the microbiome, while higher levels may reflect more active Bifidobacterium related fermentation, which may be seen together with gas, bloating, softer stools, or changes in stool frequency.

Bifidobacterium longum is a gut bacterium from a group often linked to beneficial gut functions. It is especially associated with breaking down fibres and complex carbohydrates that are not fully digested earlier in the digestive tract. Through this fermentation, it can produce compounds that support the intestinal lining and help maintain a stable gut environment. Lower levels may suggest reduced fibre fermentation and less microbial support for the gut lining, which may be seen together with sensitive digestion, bloating, gas, mucus in stool, loose stools, or irregular bowel patterns. Higher levels may reflect more active fibre and carbohydrate fermentation, which may be seen together with gas, bloating, softer stools, or changes in stool frequency.

Bifidobacterium adolescentis is a gut bacterium from a group often linked to beneficial gut functions. It helps break down certain carbohydrates and fibres and can produce compounds that support a stable gut environment. Lower levels may suggest reduced fibre fermentation and less support from beneficial gut bacteria, which may be seen together with sensitive digestion, bloating, gas, irregular stools, constipation tendency, loose stools, or mucus in stool. Higher levels may reflect increased carbohydrate fermentation, which may be seen together with gas, bloating, softer stools, or changes in stool frequency.

Bifidobacterium animalis is a gut bacterium from a group often linked to beneficial gut functions. It is commonly associated with stool regularity, gut comfort, and support of a balanced bacterial environment. It can help break down certain carbohydrates and produce compounds that support the intestinal environment. Lower levels may suggest reduced support from beneficial gut bacteria, which may be seen together with sensitive digestion, irregular stools, loose stools, constipation tendency, gas, or bloating. Higher levels may reflect increased activity from Bifidobacterium related bacteria, which may be seen together with changes in fermentation, softer stools, gas, or changes in stool frequency.

Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut bacterium that lives close to the intestinal mucus layer, the protective mucus coating that lines the gut. It is often linked to mucus turnover, gut barrier function, and a stable intestinal environment. In balanced levels, it may be part of a healthy gut microbiome pattern. Lower levels may suggest reduced activity in the mucus layer, which may be seen together with sensitive digestion, altered stool quality, mucus in stool, or signs of an irritated gut environment. Higher levels may reflect increased mucus related activity or changes in the environment close to the intestinal lining. Akkermansia muciniphila levels can help show how bacteria connected to the gut lining are represented in the microbiome profile.

Trichuris trichiura is a whipworm that can be detected in stool. It is an intestinal worm and is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Trichuris trichiura is mainly known as a human whipworm, while dogs are more typically associated with other Trichuris species. A finding in a dog sample should therefore be interpreted carefully. Exposure may reflect contact with whipworm eggs from faecally contaminated soil, grass, dog areas, kennels, or other environments where infected faeces may have been present. Whipworm eggs can persist in the environment for a long time. Whipworms mainly affect the large intestine and caecum, where they can attach to the intestinal lining and may irritate it. Relevant findings may be associated with diarrhoea, mucus or blood in stool, straining, altered stool quality, weight loss, reduced appetite, or poor general condition. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if large bowel signs, possible exposure to contaminated ground, or repeated digestive issues are present.

Taenia species are tapeworms that can be detected in stool. They are intestinal worms and are not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Dogs are usually exposed by eating raw or undercooked meat, offal, carcasses, or prey animals such as rodents or rabbits that carry Taenia larval stages. Taenia tapeworms mainly live in the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal lining and absorb nutrients from the gut contents. Relevant findings may be associated with altered stool quality, mild digestive discomfort, weight changes, reduced appetite, irritation around the anus, scooting, or visible tapeworm segments in stool or around the rear end. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if visible worm segments, digestive signs, or exposure to raw meat, carcasses, or prey animals are present.

Strongyloides spp are roundworms that can be detected in stool. They are intestinal worms and are not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Dogs may be exposed to Strongyloides larvae from contaminated soil, bedding, kennels, damp ground, or areas where infected faeces have been present. Unlike many worms that are mainly swallowed as eggs, Strongyloides larvae can also enter through the skin, especially in warm, moist environments. Strongyloides mainly affects the small intestine, where it can irritate the intestinal lining and disturb normal digestion. Relevant findings may be associated with diarrhoea, loose stool, mucus in stool, weight loss, reduced appetite, poor growth in puppies, coughing during larval migration, or poor general condition. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if digestive signs, young puppies, damp environmental exposure, or signs of poor condition are present.

Necator americanus is a hookworm that can be detected in stool. It is an intestinal worm and is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Unlike the more typical canine hookworms, Necator americanus is mainly known as a human hookworm, so detection in a dog sample should be interpreted carefully. A finding may reflect exposure to contaminated soil, sand, grass, or environments where infected faeces may have been present, especially warm, moist, or shaded ground. Hookworm larvae are known for their ability to enter through the skin, but in dogs this specific species is not considered a typical established hookworm infection. Relevant findings may be associated with digestive irritation, altered stool quality, dark or bloody stool, weakness, reduced appetite, or signs related to blood loss. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if digestive signs, possible exposure to contaminated ground, or signs of blood loss are present.

Hymenolepis spp are tapeworms that can be detected in stool. They are intestinal worms and are not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Dogs may be exposed by swallowing tapeworm eggs from faecally contaminated surroundings or, depending on the species, by eating small insects, rodents, or other intermediate hosts that carry tapeworm stages. Tapeworms mainly live in the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal lining and absorb nutrients from the gut contents. Relevant findings may be associated with altered stool quality, mild diarrhoea, digestive discomfort, weight changes, irritation around the anus, scooting, or visible tapeworm segments in stool or around the rear end. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if digestive signs, visible worm segments, or possible exposure to intermediate hosts are present.

Enterobius vermicularis is a pinworm that can be detected in stool. It is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome and is not a typical intestinal worm infection in dogs. Detection in a dog’s stool may reflect exposure to contaminated material, household surfaces, bedding, soil, or faecal contamination rather than an established dog infection. Enterobius vermicularis is mainly known as a human pinworm, and dogs are not considered its usual host. A finding in a dog sample should therefore be interpreted carefully, especially if it appears without digestive signs or other relevant findings. If digestive signs are present, they may include digestive irritation, altered stool quality, mild abdominal discomfort, or signs that another intestinal issue may be present. A positive or repeated finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if ongoing digestive signs, hygiene concerns, or shared household exposure are present.

Ascaris species are roundworms that can be detected in stool. They are intestinal worms and are not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Dogs may be exposed by swallowing roundworm eggs from contaminated soil, grass, faeces, dog parks, kennels, or areas where infected animals have passed stool. Exposure may also occur when dogs eat contaminated material or small animals that may carry roundworm larvae. Roundworms mainly live in the small intestine, where they can interfere with digestion and nutrient absorption. In puppies or dogs with heavier infections, relevant findings may be associated with a pot bellied appearance, poor growth, dull coat, vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss, reduced appetite, or visible worms in stool or vomit. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if digestive signs, visible worms, poor growth, weight loss, or possible exposure to contaminated environments are present, since roundworm eggs can survive in the environment for long periods.

Ancylostoma species are hookworms that can be detected in stool. They are intestinal worms and are not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Dogs may be exposed by swallowing hookworm larvae from contaminated soil, sand, grass, dog parks, kennels, or other areas where infected faeces may have been present, especially warm, moist, or shaded ground. Some larvae can also enter through the skin. Hookworms mainly live in the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal lining and feed on blood. This can irritate the gut and may be associated with blood loss, especially in puppies, young dogs, or dogs with a heavier infection. Relevant findings may be associated with diarrhoea, dark or bloody stools, weight loss, reduced appetite, weakness, pale gums, poor coat condition, or signs of anaemia. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if digestive signs, possible exposure to contaminated ground, dark or bloody stool, pale gums, weakness, or other signs linked to blood loss are present.

Giardia intestinalis is a microscopic intestinal parasite that can be detected in stool. It is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Dogs are usually exposed by swallowing Giardia cysts from contaminated water, food, soil, faeces, or surfaces in the environment. Giardia mainly affects the small intestine, where it attaches to the surface of the intestinal lining rather than living inside intestinal cells. This may disturb digestion, reduce nutrient absorption, and affect stool quality. Relevant findings may be associated with soft or watery diarrhoea, mucus in stool, gas, foul smelling stool, reduced appetite, weight loss, tiredness, or recurring digestive upset. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if ongoing digestive signs are present or if there are concerns about hygiene, environmental exposure, or reinfection, since Giardia cysts can persist in the environment.

Enterocytozoon species are microscopic intestinal parasites that can be detected in stool. They are not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Detection may reflect exposure through contaminated water, food, faeces, or surroundings where infectious spores are present. Enterocytozoon belongs to a group called microsporidia, very small parasites that can live inside intestinal cells. In the gut, they are mainly linked to the small intestine, where they may interfere with normal absorption of fluids and nutrients. Relevant findings may be associated with recurring diarrhoea, loose or watery stools, weight loss, reduced appetite, tiredness, signs of reduced nutrient absorption, or poor general condition. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if ongoing diarrhoea, weight loss, tiredness, poor general condition, fluid loss, or signs of reduced nutrient absorption are present.

Entamoeba histolytica is a microscopic intestinal parasite that can be detected in stool. It is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Detection may reflect exposure through water, food, or surroundings that have been contaminated with faeces. Entamoeba histolytica is mainly linked to the large intestine, where it may irritate the intestinal lining and, in more significant cases, affect the tissue more deeply. Relevant findings may be associated with persistent diarrhoea, loose stools, mucus in stool, blood in stool, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, weight loss, or poor general condition. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if ongoing diarrhoea, blood or mucus in stool, weight loss, lethargy, fluid loss, or hygiene concerns are present.

Dientamoeba fragilis is a microscopic intestinal parasite that can be detected in stool. It is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Detection may reflect exposure through faecal contamination, contaminated food or water, soil, or environments contaminated with faeces. Dientamoeba is mainly associated with the intestinal tract, where it may irritate the gut lining and be associated with irregular bowel patterns. Higher levels or relevant findings may be seen together with loose or fluctuating stools, gas, abdominal discomfort, mucus in stool, reduced appetite, tiredness, or recurring digestive upset. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if ongoing digestive signs, repeat findings, or hygiene concerns are present.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a microscopic intestinal parasite that can be detected in stool. It is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Detection may reflect exposure through contaminated water, food, soil, faeces, or environments where faecal contamination is present. Cyclospora can affect the intestinal lining and may disturb fluid balance and nutrient absorption. Higher levels or relevant findings may be associated with diarrhoea, loose or watery stools, mucus in stool, gas, reduced appetite, weight loss, tiredness, or digestive discomfort. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if ongoing diarrhoea, weight loss, poor general condition, fluid loss, or hygiene concerns are present.

Cryptosporidium species are microscopic intestinal parasites that can be detected in stool. In dogs, exposure usually occurs through contaminated water, food, soil, faeces, or environments where faecal contamination is present. Cryptosporidium can affect the intestinal lining and may interfere with normal fluid balance in the gut. Higher levels may suggest a greater amount of the parasite in the intestinal tract, which may be more relevant in puppies, older dogs, or dogs with reduced immune resilience. Higher levels may be seen together with watery or loose stools, diarrhoea, mucus in stool, gas, reduced appetite, weight loss, or dehydration risk. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if ongoing diarrhoea, fluid loss, poor general condition, or hygiene concerns are present.

Blastocystis hominis is a microscopic intestinal parasite that can be detected in stool. In dogs, exposure can occur through contaminated water, food, soil, faeces, or environments where faecal contamination is present. Low levels may occur without obvious digestive signs. Higher levels may suggest that Blastocystis is present in greater amounts in the intestinal tract, which may be more relevant when the gut environment is irritated or the gut microbiome pattern is less balanced. Higher levels may be seen together with altered stool quality, soft stools, diarrhoea, gas, mucus in stool, reduced appetite, or digestive discomfort. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if ongoing digestive signs are present or if there are concerns about hygiene or environmental exposure.

Candida dubliniensis is a Candida yeast that can be found in the gut, on mucous membranes, and sometimes on the skin. It is closely related to Candida albicans, but it is usually less prominent. In low and balanced amounts, it may be present without causing problems. When the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, Candida dubliniensis may become more noticeable as part of a broader Candida pattern. This can happen after factors such as antibiotic use, changes in immune resilience, gut imbalance, or conditions that reduce microbial competition and make the environment more favourable for yeast growth. Higher levels may be associated with digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mucosal irritation, or recurring signs linked to yeast imbalance. Candida dubliniensis levels can help show whether the Candida pattern is broader than Candida albicans alone. Svenska

Candida albicans is a yeast that can normally be found in the gut, on mucous membranes, and sometimes on the skin or in the ears. In low and balanced amounts, it may be present without causing problems. When the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, Candida albicans may grow more than expected and become part of a broader yeast imbalance pattern. This can happen after factors such as antibiotic use, changes in immune resilience, skin or gut imbalance, or conditions that make the environment more favourable for yeast growth. Higher levels may be associated with digestive changes, gas, altered stool quality, itching, skin irritation, ear issues, or recurring signs linked to yeast imbalance. Candida albicans levels can help show whether a more typical Candida yeast is part of a broader gut and fungal imbalance pattern.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and is commonly known as baker’s or brewer’s yeast. In a dog’s gut profile, its presence may reflect exposure from diet, fermented ingredients, yeast containing supplements, or temporary passage through the gut. Higher levels may suggest that Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not only passing through, but that the gut environment has shifted in a way that allows this fermentation associated yeast to remain more noticeable. This may happen when the balance between bacteria and fungi changes, or when the intestinal environment becomes more favourable for yeast related fermentation. Higher levels may be seen together with altered stool quality, gas, bloating, digestive changes, or signs of increased fermentation in the gut. Saccharomyces cerevisiae levels can help show whether diet or supplement related yeasts are part of the dog’s fungal profile.

Rhodotorula species are environmental yeasts that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. They are often linked to moist environments, water, air, and surfaces in the surroundings. In a dog’s gut profile, low levels may reflect external exposure from the environment, followed by temporary passage through the gut. Higher levels may suggest that Rhodotorula is not only passing through, but that the gut environment has shifted in a way that allows this moisture and surface associated yeast to remain more noticeable. This may happen when bacterial competition is reduced or when the balance between bacteria and fungi changes. Higher levels may be seen together with altered stool quality, gas, mucus in stool, signs of digestive irritation, or signs that external environmental yeasts are becoming part of the gut fungal pattern. Rhodotorula species levels can help show whether yeasts linked to moisture, water, and environmental surfaces are present beyond temporary exposure.

Geotrichum species are yeast like fungi that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. They are often linked to soil, food, and organic material. In a dog’s gut profile, low levels may reflect temporary passage after exposure from diet or surroundings. Higher levels may suggest that Geotrichum is not only passing through, but that the gut environment has shifted in a way that allows this food and organic material associated fungus to remain more noticeable. This may happen when bacterial competition is reduced or when the balance between bacteria and fungi changes. Higher levels may be seen together with altered stool quality, gas, mucus in stool, digestive changes, or mild mucosal irritation. Geotrichum species levels can help show whether fungi linked to food, soil, and organic material are part of the dog’s broader fungal pattern.

Candida tropicalis is a Candida yeast that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. It is considered an opportunistic yeast, meaning it may become more noticeable when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. Higher levels may suggest that Candida tropicalis has become a larger part of the fungal profile, rather than only being present in low amounts. This may happen when bacterial competition is reduced, after antibiotic use, during changes in immune resilience, or when the gut environment becomes more favourable for yeast growth. Higher levels may be seen together with loose or altered stools, gas, recurring digestive changes, mucus in stool, or mucosal irritation. Candida tropicalis levels can help show whether the fungal profile includes a more opportunistic Candida species as part of a broader yeast pattern.

Candida parapsilosis is a Candida yeast that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract, on the skin, and on mucosal surfaces. It is often associated with body surfaces, such as the skin, mouth, and other mucosal linings. Higher levels in the gut may suggest that the intestinal environment has shifted in a way that allows Candida parapsilosis to remain present or grow more than expected. This may happen when bacterial competition is reduced, after antibiotic use, during changes in immune resilience, or when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. Higher levels may be seen together with altered stool quality, gas, digestive changes, mucosal irritation, or signs that a surface associated yeast is becoming more noticeable in the gut. Candida parapsilosis levels can help show whether the fungal profile includes Candida species influenced by both mucosal balance and the gut environment.

Candida lusitaniae is a Candida yeast that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. It is usually not one of the Candida yeasts expected to dominate a dog’s gut profile. Higher levels may suggest that the gut environment has shifted in a way that allows a less typical Candida yeast to become more noticeable. This may happen when bacterial competition is reduced, after antibiotic use, during changes in immune resilience, or when the balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. Higher levels may be seen together with altered stool quality, gas, recurring digestive changes, or mild mucosal irritation. Candida lusitaniae levels can help show whether less typical Candida species are part of a broader fungal pattern.

Candida lipolytica is a yeast that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. This yeast is known for its ability to use and break down lipids, meaning fats and fat like substances. Higher levels may suggest that the gut environment is favourable for Candida lipolytica, especially in connection with fat rich or lipid influenced conditions in the gut. This may be relevant when dietary fat, fat digestion, or the balance between bacteria and fungi affects the intestinal environment. Higher levels may be seen together with digestive changes such as altered stool quality, softer or stronger smelling stool, gas, abdominal discomfort, or patterns linked to fat digestion and gut balance. Candida lipolytica levels can help show whether fat related conditions in the gut may be influencing the dog’s fungal profile.

Candida lambica is a yeast that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. Its presence may sometimes reflect exposure from the dog’s diet or environment, or temporary passage through the gut. Higher levels may suggest that Candida lambica is not only passing through, but that the gut environment has shifted in a way that allows this yeast to remain more noticeable. This may happen when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. Higher levels may be seen together with altered stool quality, gas, mild digestive changes, or signs that an exposure related yeast is becoming more established in the gut environment. Candida lambica levels can help show whether a yeast linked to diet or environmental exposure is becoming part of a broader fungal pattern.

Candida krusei is a Candida yeast that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, Candida krusei may be present without causing problems. Higher levels may suggest that the gut environment has shifted in a way that allows this yeast to become more noticeable. This may happen when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, for example after antibiotic use, changes in immune resilience, gut imbalance, or reduced competition from other microorganisms. Candida krusei is known as a more resilient Candida yeast, meaning it may tolerate disturbed microbial conditions more easily than some other yeasts. Higher levels may be seen together with recurring digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mucosal irritation, or other signs linked to a more persistent yeast imbalance pattern. Candida krusei levels can help show whether a more resilient Candida yeast is part of the dog’s broader fungal profile.

Candida kefyr is a less common Candida yeast species that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, Candida kefyr may be present without causing problems. Higher levels may suggest that the gut environment has become more favourable for yeast growth, especially when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. Candida kefyr is also known from fermented food environments, so its presence may sometimes reflect dietary exposure or temporary passage through the gut. Higher levels may suggest that it is remaining more noticeable than expected, especially when seen together with altered stool quality, gas, digestive changes, or signs of temporary gut irritation. Candida kefyr levels can help show whether the fungal profile includes yeasts that may be influenced by both gut balance and exposure from diet or environment.

Candida intermedia is a less common Candida yeast species that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, Candida intermedia may be present without causing problems. Higher levels may suggest a broader and more varied yeast pattern, especially when Candida species beyond the most common types are also present. This may happen when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, for example after antibiotic use, changes in immune resilience, gut imbalance, or reduced competition from other microorganisms. Higher levels may be seen together with digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mucosal irritation, or other signs linked to yeast imbalance. Candida intermedia levels can help show whether the fungal profile includes a wider range of Candida species rather than only a more typical Candida pattern.

Candida guilliermondii is a less common Candida yeast species that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, Candida guilliermondii may be present without causing problems. Higher levels may suggest that the gut environment has shifted in a way that allows less common yeasts to grow more than expected. This can happen when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted, for example after antibiotic use, changes in immune resilience, gut imbalance, or reduced competition from other microorganisms. Higher levels may be seen together with digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mucosal irritation, or other signs linked to yeast imbalance. Candida guilliermondii levels can help show whether less common Candida yeasts are part of a broader fungal pattern.

Candida glabrata is a yeast species that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, yeasts may be present without causing problems, but Candida glabrata can become more noticeable when the normal balance between bacteria and fungi is disrupted. This can happen after factors such as antibiotic use, changes in immune resilience, gut imbalance, or other conditions that give yeast more space to grow. Higher levels may reflect that this more resilient Candida species has become a larger part of the fungal profile. Higher levels may be seen together with recurring digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mucosal irritation, or other signs linked to yeast imbalance. Candida glabrata levels can help show whether the fungal profile includes a Candida species that may tolerate disturbed microbial conditions more easily than some other yeasts.

Candida famata is a less common yeast species that can be detected in the gastrointestinal tract and on mucosal surfaces. In low amounts, yeasts may be present without causing problems. Higher levels of Candida famata may suggest that the normal balance between bacteria and fungi has shifted, allowing less common yeast species to become more noticeable. This can happen after factors such as antibiotic use, changes in immune resilience, gut imbalance, or other conditions that give yeast more space to grow. Higher levels may be seen together with digestive changes, altered stool quality, gas, mild mucosal irritation, or other signs linked to yeast imbalance. Candida famata levels can help show whether less common yeast species are part of a broader fungal pattern.

Allobaculum stercoricanis is a gut bacterium commonly found in dogs. It is involved in microbial fermentation, where gut bacteria break down parts of the diet and produce compounds such as lactate and butyrate that can help support the intestinal environment. Allobaculum stercoricanis levels can help show whether bacteria linked to normal digestive fermentation and supportive metabolite production are represented in the dog’s gut profile. Changes in its levels may reflect shifts in diet composition, including fat intake, fermentation activity, stool quality, or the broader microbiome pattern.

Romboutsia sedimentorum is a gut bacterium involved in the breakdown and processing of different food residues in the intestine. Unlike markers that mainly reflect fibre or protein fermentation, Romboutsia sedimentorum may reflect broader nutrient processing linked to a mixed diet. Its levels can help show whether bacteria involved in processing different dietary components are represented in the dog’s gut profile. Changes in its levels may be seen together with shifts in digestion, stool quality, gas production, diet, or the broader balance of nutrient processing bacteria in the gut.

Megamonas funiformis is a gut bacterium involved in the fermentation of carbohydrates and other dietary components. During fermentation, gut bacteria break down food residues and produce compounds that can influence the gut environment. Megamonas funiformis levels can help show whether carbohydrate fermentation is a noticeable part of the dog’s gut microbiome pattern. Changes in its levels may be seen together with shifts in diet, stool quality, gas production, or the overall balance of fermenting bacteria.

Collinsella species refers to a group of gut bacteria involved in carbohydrate processing and energy related activity in the intestine. These bacteria can be part of the normal gut microbiome, but changes in their levels may reflect shifts in how the microbiome processes energy from food, especially carbohydrates. Higher or lower levels may be seen together with changes in digestion, stool quality, gas production, or the overall bacterial balance of the gut. Collinsella species levels can help show whether carbohydrate and energy related bacterial activity is a noticeable part of the dog’s gut microbiome pattern.

Ruminococcus species refers to a group of gut bacteria that help break down fibre and resistant starch, which are parts of food that the dog cannot fully digest on its own. This makes them relevant for fibre fermentation, stool formation, and the production of compounds that help support the intestinal lining. Balanced Ruminococcus levels may reflect that fibre and harder to digest carbohydrates are being processed as part of the gut microbiome pattern. Changes in this group may reflect shifts in fibre intake, stool consistency, gas production, or the overall balance of fibre processing bacteria in the gut.

Prevotella copri is a gut bacterium involved in breaking down fibre, plant based food components, and complex carbohydrates. Its levels can help show whether fibre and carbohydrate fermentation is a noticeable part of the dog’s gut microbiome pattern. Higher levels may reflect stronger carbohydrate and fibre fermentation, while lower levels may suggest that this type of fermentation is less prominent. Changes in Prevotella copri levels may be seen together with shifts in diet, stool quality, gas production, or the overall balance between fibre processing bacteria in the gut.

Fusobacterium varium is a gut bacterium that can add detail to the overall Fusobacterium pattern in the canine microbiome. While some Fusobacterium species are more closely linked to stool odour, protein fermentation, or mucosal surfaces, Fusobacterium varium can help show whether this bacterial group is more broadly represented in the gut profile. Changes in its levels may be associated with shifts in stool quality, signs of digestive irritation, protein fermentation, or the overall balance of gut bacteria. Fusobacterium varium levels can help show whether the Fusobacterium pattern appears as a single finding or as part of a broader microbial shift.

Fusobacterium perfoetens is a gut bacterium linked to the breakdown and fermentation of protein rich and nitrogen containing material in the intestine. It is especially relevant for understanding fermentation patterns that may affect stool odour and gas production. Higher levels may be associated with stronger smelling stool, gas, altered stool quality, or a gut environment where protein breakdown products are more prominent. Fusobacterium perfoetens levels can help show whether odour related fermentation is a noticeable part of the dog’s gut microbiome pattern.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a bacterium that can occur on mucosal surfaces, including the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. This makes it different from some other Fusobacterium markers, because it may reflect bacteria linked to both oral and gut microbial patterns. Higher levels may be seen together with bad breath, changes linked to the mouth or oral microbial environment, digestive irritation, mucus in stool, or changes in stool quality. Fusobacterium nucleatum levels can help show whether bacteria associated with mucosal surfaces, such as the mouth and gut lining, are more prominent in the dog’s microbiome profile.

Fusobacterium mortiferum is an anaerobic gut bacterium, meaning it grows in low oxygen environments such as the intestine. It is mainly relevant because it may reflect how protein rich food residues are broken down and fermented in the gut. Higher levels may be associated with a gut environment where protein fermentation is more active, and may be seen together with stronger stool odour, gas, or changes in stool quality. Fusobacterium mortiferum levels can help show how protein related residues are being processed within the dog’s gut microbiome.

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is a gut bacterium often linked to beneficial gut functions. It is strongly associated with the production of butyrate, a short chain fatty acid that helps nourish and support the intestinal lining. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is often discussed in relation to gut barrier support and a stable intestinal environment. Lower levels may reflect reduced microbial support for the gut lining and may be seen together with a less balanced microbiome pattern. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii levels can help show whether butyrate producing bacteria are well represented in the dog’s gut profile.

Blautia wexlerae is a gut bacterium within the Blautia group and is involved in microbial fermentation. It is linked to the production of metabolites, which are small substances made when gut bacteria break down nutrients. These metabolites can help support the gut environment and interactions between gut bacteria and the intestinal lining. Blautia wexlerae levels can help show whether bacteria involved in fermentation and metabolite production are represented in the dog’s gut profile. Changes in its levels may reflect shifts in diet, fibre intake, bacterial balance, or the broader fermentation pattern in the microbiome.

Blautia producta is a gut bacterium within the Blautia group and is involved in the fermentation of dietary components. Blautia species are linked to the production of short chain fatty acids, which are compounds that help support the gut lining and intestinal environment. Blautia producta levels can help show whether bacteria involved in fermentation and production of supportive gut metabolites are represented in the dog’s gut profile. Changes in its levels may reflect shifts in fibre intake, digestion, bacterial balance, or the broader pattern of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria.

Blautia obeum is a gut bacterium that belongs to the Blautia group. It is involved in microbial fermentation, where gut bacteria break down dietary components and produce compounds that can support the intestinal environment. Blautia obeum levels can help show whether bacteria linked to fibre fermentation and supportive metabolite production are represented in the dog’s gut profile. Changes in its levels may reflect shifts in diet, fibre intake, bacterial balance, or the broader fermentation pattern in the gut microbiome.

Blautia hansenii is a gut bacterium that belongs to the Blautia group. It is involved in microbial fermentation, where gut bacteria break down dietary components and produce compounds such as short chain fatty acids. These compounds can help support the intestinal lining and the overall gut environment. Blautia hansenii levels can help show whether bacteria linked to fibre fermentation and production of supportive metabolites are represented in the dog’s gut profile. Changes in its levels may reflect shifts in diet, bacterial balance, or the broader fermentation pattern in the gut microbiome.

Phocaeicola vulgatus, previously classified within the Bacteroides group, is a gut bacterium involved in breaking down dietary components and processing nutrients within the microbiome. It can be part of the normal intestinal microbiome and may help show how Bacteroides related bacteria are represented in the dog’s gut profile. Phocaeicola vulgatus levels can add detail about carbohydrate and nutrient processing in the gut. Changes in its levels may reflect shifts in diet, stool quality, or the balance between different gut bacteria.

Bacteroides uniformis is a gut bacterium within the Bacteroides group. It is involved in processing dietary carbohydrates and supporting the normal breakdown of nutrients in the intestine. Compared with some other Bacteroides species, Bacteroides uniformis may help show the diversity of carbohydrate processing bacteria in the gut. In balanced levels, it may be part of a stable gut environment, while changes in its levels may reflect shifts in diet, fibre intake, or overall microbiome composition.

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a gut bacterium involved in breaking down complex carbohydrates and fibre like substances that the dog cannot fully digest on its own. This supports nutrient processing and contributes to the production of compounds that help maintain the gut environment. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron levels can help show how the microbiome handles dietary fibre and carbohydrate fermentation. Changes in its levels may reflect shifts in diet, digestion, or the balance between different carbohydrate processing bacteria in the dog’s gut profile.

Bacteroides fragilis is a bacterium that can live in the intestinal tract and is part of the broader Bacteroides group. Bacteroides bacteria are involved in breaking down complex carbohydrates and other dietary components, which supports normal gut fermentation and nutrient processing. In balanced levels, Bacteroides fragilis can be part of the normal gut environment. Changes in its levels may reflect shifts in diet, digestion, stool quality, or the overall microbiome balance. Bacteroides fragilis levels can help show how this specific Bacteroides species fits into the dog’s broader gut microbiome pattern.

Desulfovibrio piger is a sulfate reducing bacterium, meaning it can use sulfur containing compounds during fermentation in the gut. This process can produce hydrogen sulfide, a gas with a strong smell that may affect the gut environment when present in higher amounts. Higher levels of Desulfovibrio piger may reflect increased sulfur related fermentation and may be seen together with strong smelling gas or stool, altered stool quality, mucus in stool, or signs of digestive irritation. Desulfovibrio piger levels can help show whether sulfur related fermentation is a noticeable part of the dog’s gut microbiome pattern.

Absiella dolichum is a gut bacterium that is still relatively new and less well established in veterinary microbiome research. It may be detected as part of the dog’s gut bacterial community, but its role is not as clearly defined as many better known gut bacteria. Higher levels may reflect a shift in the wider microbial environment, especially when seen together with altered stool quality, mucus in stool, digestive irritation, or other markers that suggest a less balanced microbiome pattern. Absiella dolichum levels can help add detail to the overall gut profile by showing whether a less commonly discussed bacterial species is becoming more noticeable.

Sutterella species refers to a group of bacteria that can live in the intestinal tract and are often discussed in relation to the gut lining. These bacteria may reflect changes in the intestinal environment, especially near the surface of the gut. Higher levels may be associated with altered stool quality, digestive sensitivity, mucus in stool, or signs of irritation in the intestinal tract. Sutterella species levels can help show whether bacteria linked to the gut lining are becoming more noticeable within the dog’s broader microbiome pattern.

Methanobrevibacter smithii is not a bacterium, but an archaeon, which is a separate type of microorganism that can live in the gut. It is involved in methane production during fermentation, the process where gut microbes break down food components. Higher levels may be associated with increased methane related fermentation, gas production, bloating, slower gut movement, or changes in stool consistency. Methanobrevibacter smithii levels can help show whether methane producing microorganisms are contributing to gas related fermentation patterns in the dog’s gut profile.

Helicobacter species refers to a group of bacteria that can live in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach. Many dogs can carry Helicobacter species without obvious signs. Higher levels may be more relevant when they appear together with signs of irritation in the stomach or upper gastrointestinal tract. This may be associated with vomiting, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, weight changes, nausea like behaviour, or other signs of upper digestive irritation. Helicobacter species levels can help show whether bacteria linked to the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract are part of the dog’s gut profile, rather than only reflecting changes in the lower gut.

Peptoclostridium species refers to a group of bacteria that can live in the intestinal tract. These bacteria are involved in the breakdown of proteins and other nutrients by gut microbes. This process is called fermentation and can be a normal part of digestion. When the balance shifts, higher levels of Peptoclostridium species may be associated with gas, stronger stool odour, changes in stool quality, or signs of digestive irritation. Peptoclostridium species levels can help show how protein related material and food residues are being processed within the dog’s gut microbiome.

Streptococcus species refers to a group of related bacteria that can live in several areas of the body, including the mouth, throat, skin, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal tract. Some Streptococcus species can be part of the normal microbial environment, while others may become more noticeable when bacterial balance changes. In a gut profile, Streptococcus species levels may reflect a connection between the intestinal tract and bacteria commonly linked to the mouth and mucosal surfaces. Changes in this group may be seen together with altered stool quality, digestive irritation, gas, mucus in stool, or changes in the broader microbial balance. Streptococcus species levels can help show whether this broad bacterial group is becoming more prominent in the dog’s gut microbiome pattern.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a bacterium commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of dogs. Unlike Staphylococcus aureus, this species is especially associated with dogs and is often linked to the dog’s skin, ears, and other body surfaces. When it appears in a gut microbiome profile, it may reflect transfer from the dog’s own skin or mucosal surfaces, or a shift in the gut environment that allows surface associated bacteria to become more noticeable. Higher levels may be seen together with altered stool quality, digestive irritation, mucus in stool, or other signs that the microbial balance has changed. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius levels can help show whether a dog associated Staphylococcus species is also appearing in the dog’s gut profile.

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium most often associated with the skin and mucous membranes, but it can sometimes be detected in the gastrointestinal tract. It is not usually considered a core gut bacterium in dogs. Its presence in a gut profile may reflect transfer from skin or mucosal surfaces, or a shift in the gut environment that allows less typical gut bacteria to become more noticeable. Higher levels may be seen together with altered stool quality, digestive irritation, mucus in stool, or other signs that the microbial balance has changed. Staphylococcus aureus levels can help show whether bacteria usually linked to body surfaces are also appearing in the dog’s gut profile.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterium that can be found in the gut and other parts of the body. In balanced amounts, it may be present without causing problems. Higher levels may reflect increased opportunistic growth, meaning that the bacterium has gained more space when normal bacterial competition is reduced. Klebsiella pneumoniae levels can help show whether the gut profile is shifting toward bacteria that may grow more easily when the microbiome is less balanced. This may be seen together with changes in stool quality, gas, diarrhoea, or signs of digestive irritation.

Escherichia coli, often called E. coli, is a bacterium that can normally live in the intestines. Many E. coli strains are harmless and can be part of the gut microbiome, while some strains may become more relevant when the gut environment is disturbed. Higher levels may reflect a shift toward bacteria that grow well when microbial stability is reduced or when the intestinal environment has changed. This may be seen together with diarrhoea, soft stool, abdominal discomfort, gas, mucus in stool, or other digestive changes. Escherichia coli levels can help show whether this common gut bacterium is becoming more prominent within the dog’s broader microbiome pattern.

Enterococcus cecorum is a bacterium that can be found in the intestinal tract of animals. In dogs, it is less commonly discussed than Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, but it may still reflect changes in the gut bacterial community. Higher levels may suggest a shift in the intestinal environment, especially when stool quality, digestion, or appetite has changed. Enterococcus cecorum can help add detail to the Enterococcus pattern in the dog’s gut profile by showing whether a less commonly highlighted Enterococcus species is becoming more noticeable.

Enterococcus faecium is a bacterium that can occur in the intestines and may be part of the normal gut microbiome. Compared with Enterococcus faecalis, this species is often more relevant as an opportunistic bacterium, meaning it may become more noticeable when the gut environment is disturbed or when normal microbial competition is reduced. Higher levels may reflect a shift toward bacteria that tolerate a less balanced gut environment. This may be seen together with changes in stool quality, gas, mucus in stool, or other signs of digestive imbalance. Enterococcus faecium levels are best understood as part of the broader bacterial pattern in the dog’s gut profile.

Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium that can normally be found in the intestines of dogs. In balanced amounts, it may be part of the normal gut microbiome. This marker is mainly relevant because Enterococcus faecalis can become more noticeable when the usual bacterial balance is disturbed, for example after digestive stress, diet changes, or shifts in the gut environment. Higher levels may be associated with softer stool, gas, mucus in stool, or changes in stool quality. Its presence alone does not necessarily mean that it is affecting the gut, but increased levels may help show that the bacterial balance in the gut has shifted.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterium that can be detected in stool and is linked to the gastrointestinal tract. It is not considered a typical part of the dog’s healthy gut microbiome. Dogs may be exposed through contaminated food, water, faeces, soil, or environments where Yersinia has been present. Some animals may carry Yersinia enterocolitica without obvious signs, while higher levels or detection together with digestive signs may be associated with diarrhoea, altered stool quality, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, low energy, or poor general condition. Because Yersinia enterocolitica can have zoonotic relevance, meaning it may be relevant for hygiene around animals, humans, and contaminated environments, the finding is best understood together with digestive signs, possible exposure, hygiene factors, and the wider gut profile.

Salmonella enterica is a bacterium that can be detected in stool. It is not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. Dogs may be exposed through contaminated food, raw meat, faeces, water, soil, or environments where Salmonella has been present. Some dogs can carry Salmonella without obvious signs, while others may develop digestive or general symptoms. When Salmonella enterica affects the gut, it may be associated with diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, reduced appetite, low energy, lethargy, abdominal discomfort, or poor general condition. Because Salmonella can have zoonotic relevance, meaning it may spread between animals, humans, and the environment, the finding is best understood together with digestive signs, possible exposure, hygiene factors, and the wider gut profile.

Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium commonly found in the canine intestine. It can be part of the normal gut flora, but some strains can produce toxins, which are harmful substances that may irritate or damage the gut lining. Higher levels may be more meaningful when toxin related activity, digestive signs, or a disrupted microbiome pattern are also present. When Clostridium perfringens affects the gut, it is mainly associated with diarrhoea, mucus in stool, increased stool frequency, abdominal discomfort, or signs of large bowel irritation, meaning irritation in the lower part of the intestine. Levels of Clostridium perfringens can help show whether this toxin associated bacterium is increased in the dog’s gut profile and how the finding fits together with digestive signs, toxin testing when available, and the wider microbiome pattern.

Clostridioides difficile is a bacterium that can be found in the intestinal tract. In some situations, it can produce toxins, which are harmful substances that may irritate or damage the gut lining. This may become more relevant when the normal microbiome balance is disrupted, for example after antibiotic exposure or other changes in the gut environment. Higher levels of Clostridioides difficile may be associated with diarrhoea, altered stool quality, mucus in stool, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, or signs of irritation in the intestinal tract. Presence alone does not always mean that it is affecting the gut, especially if toxin related findings or digestive signs are not present. Levels of Clostridioides difficile can help show whether this toxin producing bacterium is part of the dog’s gut profile and how the finding fits together with digestive signs, toxin testing when available, and the wider microbiome pattern.

Campylobacter upsaliensis is a Campylobacter species that can be found in the intestinal tract of dogs. Compared with some other Campylobacter species, it is especially associated with dogs and may sometimes be carried without obvious symptoms. Higher levels may be associated with digestive changes such as diarrhoea, soft stool, mucus in stool, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, or lethargy. Campylobacter upsaliensis can also have zoonotic relevance, meaning it may be important for hygiene around animals, people, and faecal contamination. Levels of Campylobacter upsaliensis can help show whether a Campylobacter species associated with dogs is present in the gut profile and how the finding fits together with digestive signs, hygiene factors, and the wider microbiome pattern.

Campylobacter coli is a bacterium that can occur in the intestinal tract of dogs and other animals. It is related to other Campylobacter species and may be part of a broader Campylobacter pattern in the gut profile. Some dogs may carry Campylobacter species without obvious symptoms, while higher levels may be associated with digestive changes such as diarrhoea, altered stool quality, mucus in stool, gas, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, or lethargy. Campylobacter coli can also have zoonotic relevance, meaning it may be important for hygiene around animals, people, and contaminated faeces. Levels of Campylobacter coli can help show whether Campylobacter related bacteria are present in the dog’s gut profile and how the finding fits together with digestive signs, hygiene factors, and the wider microbiome pattern.

Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterium that can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and other animals. Some dogs may carry Campylobacter jejuni without obvious symptoms, while higher levels may be associated with digestive changes such as diarrhoea, soft stool, mucus in stool, abdominal discomfort, reduced appetite, or lethargy. Campylobacter jejuni may be relevant because it can affect the intestinal environment and, in some cases, has zoonotic potential, meaning it can be relevant for hygiene around animals and humans. Levels of Campylobacter jejuni can help show whether this gut related bacterium is part of the dog’s gut profile and how the finding fits together with digestive signs, hygiene factors, and the wider microbiome pattern.

Sapovirus (I, II, IV, V) refers to several sapovirus groups linked to the gastrointestinal tract that can be detected in stool. These viruses are not considered a normal part of the dog’s gut microbiome. A finding may reflect exposure through water, food, surfaces, or shared environments that have been contaminated with faeces. Sapoviruses are mainly linked to the stomach and intestines, where they may be associated with diarrhoea, vomiting, altered stool quality, reduced appetite, low energy, or signs of gut irritation. Because these sapovirus groups are primarily known in relation to gastrointestinal illness in humans, a finding in a dog sample should be interpreted carefully. A positive finding may be useful to review with a veterinarian, especially if digestive signs are present or if there are hygiene concerns in a shared environment.